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Ionization - Wikipedia Adiabatic ionization Adiabatic ionization is a form of ionization in which an electron is removed from or added to an atom or molecule in its lowest energy state to form an ion in its lowest energy state [16] The Townsend discharge is a good example of the creation of positive ions and free electrons due to ion impact
Electron ionization - Wikipedia Electron ionization Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization[1] and electron bombardment ionization[2]) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons interact with solid or gas phase atoms or molecules to produce ions [3] EI was one of the first ionization techniques developed for mass spectrometry [4] However, this method is still a popular ionization
Chemical ionization - Wikipedia A schematic diagram of chemical ionization source Chemical ionization (CI) is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry [1][2] This was first introduced by Burnaby Munson and Frank H Field in 1966 [3] This technique is a branch of gaseous ion-molecule chemistry [2] Reagent gas molecules (often methane or ammonia) [4] are ionized by electron ionization to form reagent ions
Chemi-ionization - Wikipedia Chemi-ionization is the formation of an ion through the reaction of a gas phase atom or molecule with another atom or molecule when the collision energy is below the energy required to ionize the reagents [1][2] The reaction may involve a reagent in an excited state [3] or may result in the formation of a new chemical bond [1][4] Chemi-ionization can proceed through the Penning, associative
Ionization energy - Wikipedia Ionization energy is positive for neutral atoms, meaning that the ionization is an endothermic process Roughly speaking, the closer the outermost electrons are to the nucleus of the atom, the higher the atom's ionization energy In physics, ionization energy (IE) is usually expressed in electronvolts (eV) or joules (J)
Degree of ionization - Wikipedia Chemistry usage The degree of dissociation α (also known as degree of ionization), is a way of representing the strength of an acid It is defined as the ratio of the number of ionized molecules and the number of molecules dissolved in water It can be represented as a decimal number or as a percentage
Glossary of chemistry terms - Wikipedia This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions; it features an extensive vocabulary and a
Self-ionization of water - Wikipedia The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, autoprotolysis of water, autodissociation of water, or simply dissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H 2 O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH − The hydrogen nucleus, H +, immediately protonates