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- The governance and funding of European rearmament - bruegel. org
Kirkegaard, J F (2025) ‘Ukraine: European democracy’s affordable arsenal’, Policy Brief 10 2025, Bruegel, available at https: www bruegel org policy-brief ukraine-european-democracys-affordable-arsenal
- How the European Union should respond to Trump’s tariffs
The authors thank Doug Irwin, Inu Manak, Alan Wolff and Bruegel colleagues for comments on earlier drafts
- Defending Europe without the US: first estimates of what is needed
Guntram joined Bruegel from the European Commission, where he worked on the macroeconomics of the euro area and the reform of euro area governance Prior to joining the Commission, he worked in the research department at the Bundesbank, which he joined after completing his PhD in economics at the University of Bonn
- Ten challenges facing China’s economy - bruegel. org
Policy Brief 14 2023, Bruegel, available at https: www bruegel org policy-brief can-chinese-growth-defy-gravity García-Herrero, A and J Xu (2025) ‘Will China’s economy follow the same path as Japan’s?’
- Europe urgently needs a common strategy on Russian gas
Source: Bruegel While Russian gas flows to the EU have fallen substantially, Russia continues to supply some European companies Despite several countries, including Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Poland, imposing national bans on Russian gas, there are no robust EU-level legal restrictions on Russian gas entering via pipelines
- Bruegel is the European think tank that specialises in economics
Bruegel’s mission is to improve the quality of economic policy with open and fact-based research, analysis and debate We are committed to impartiality, openness and excellence
- Europe’s challenge and opportunity: building coalitions of the willing
As the current administration openly repudiates the global responsibilities taken on by the United States, the world, and especially Europe, cannot afford to stand by Note: We are grateful to PIIE and Bruegel colleagues for their many insightful comments on an earlier draft References
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